Suchergebnisse

Les services publics ont un rôle important dans la préservation du statut de la langue française sur le plan interne, dans sa promotion en tant que langue de communication internationale, ainsi que dans la promotion de la diversité linguistique et culturelle au niveau mondial. Pour mieux illustrer l'interaction entre le français et les services publics, nous présenterons leur rôle dans la préservation et la promotion de la langue française à l'échelle nationale et internationale, ainsi que son enrichissement terminologique au cours de la seconde moitié du XXe siècle. Sur le plan national, les services publics appliquent méthodiquement les décisions relatives à l'usage obligatoire et correct de la langue française, s'intéressent à l'amélioration de sa qualité et utilisent les termes recommandés par les commissions de terminologie dans les documents administratifs et juridiques, les rencontres et communiqués scientifiques, les publications, les annonces et les enseignes, les produits, les marques ainsi que pour les sites Internet. Sur le plan international, les services publics font une promotion constante de langue française dans les relations avec l'Union européenne, l'ONU et les pays francophones. Ils examinent régulièrement les accords bilatéraux et multilatéraux, renforcent les services de traduction, créent un Fonds d'aide à la traduction et à l'interprétation des événements internationaux et organisent aussi des cours de langues. La France, qui est l'un des principaux coordinateurs de l'Organisation internationale de la francophonie, propose plusieurs mesures pour la diffusion de la langue française dans le monde. Elle renforce sa présence sur Internet en créant des outils linguistiques électroniques, encourage les universitaires francophones à participer à diverses activités internationales, etc. Par la politique d'enrichissement terminologique de la langue française, on contribue à sa modernisation et à son utilisation améliorée. À cette fin, des commissions de terminologie et de néologie ont été créées, qui, coude-à-coude avec l'Académie française, les institutions apparentées des pays francophones et les organisations internationales de normalisation, encouragent la création de nouveaux termes dans tous les domaines, qui sont constamment mis à jour et ainsi influencent d'une façon positive son statut au niveau international.

The public services play a major role in preserving the status of the French language on the internall plan, in promoting it as a language of international communication, as well as in fostering language and cultural diversity. For better illustration of the interaction between the language and the public services, we will present their role in the preservation and promotion of the French language on the internal and internationall plan, as well as its terminological enrichment in the second half of the 20th century. Internally, the public services properly apply the required decisions for proper and regular use of the French language, pay attention to the increasing of the quality and properly apply the recommended terminologies by the terminology commissions in administrative and legal documents, while maintaining scientific manifestations and publication of publications, commercial posts and advertisements, products, trademarks, as well as on the websites. Internationally, the public services consistently promote the French language in relations with the European Union, United Nations and with Francophone countries. They regularly review the bilateral and multilateral agreements, strengthen the translation services, establish a fund for assistance in translating and interpreting international events, and organize language courses. France, as one of the main coordinators of the International Organization of the Francophone, proposes more measures for spreading of the French language in the world by encouraging Francophone scientific staff to participate in various international activities, increasing its presence on the Internet, creating electronic language tools, etc. With the terminological enrichment, the French language is modernized and enhanced its use. For this purpose, are created terminology and neology commissions, which in contact with the French Academy, related institutions from the francophone countries and international standardization organizations, encourage the creation of new terms in all areas that are constantly updated and thus directly and positively affected on its status at the international plan.

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the language policy in France in relation to French and the regional languages. We start the overview from the Renaissance period when the French national feeling began to form and the distinctiveness of the French nation started to manifest, leading to increased usage of the French language and gradual superseding of the regional languages. Taking into consideration the fact that after the French Revolution in 1789, the unity policy of the French nation intensifies and thus the directions of action in the languages of its territory change, we divided the overview of the language policy in France in two parts: before and after the Revolution. For the revolutionaries, the ignorance of the French language was an obstacle for the democracy and spreading the revolutionary ideas, thus extending the superseding of the regional languages throughout the 19th and early 20th century. After the World War II, the regional languages and cultures received more attention and they were regarded as a treasure that needed to be preserved and their disappearance to be prevented. According to the relations and the language activities undertaken by France in the contemporary period, we distinguish Language policy in relation to the French language and Language policy in relation to the regional languages.

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the language policy in France in relation to French and the regional languages. We start the overview from the Renaissance period when the French national feeling began to form and the distinctiveness of the French nation started to manifest, leading to increased usage of the French language and gradual superseding of the regional languages. Taking into consideration the fact that after the French Revolution in 1789, the unity policy of the French nation intensifies and thus the directions of action in the languages of its territory change, we divided the overview of the language policy in France in two parts: before and after the Revolution. For the revolutionaries, the ignorance of the French language was an obstacle for the democracy and spreading the revolutionary ideas, thus extending the superseding of the regional languages throughout the 19th and early 20th century. After the World War II, the regional languages and cultures received more attention and they were regarded as a treasure that needed to be preserved and their disappearance to be prevented. According to the relations and the language activities undertaken by France in the contemporary period, we distinguish Language policy in relation to the French language and Language policy in relation to the regional languages.

The purpose of this paper is to present, on the one hand, the contribution of the General Commission on Terminology and neology (Commission générale de terminologie et de néologie) as a means of correcting certain foreign terms, Anglicisms that entered the French language and the recommendations published in the Official Gazette of France (Journal Officiel de la République française). On the other hand, our goal is to present the contribution of the Grand dictionnaire terminologique of the Office québécois de la langue française which gives suggestions in several fields of activity and displays the recommended Canadian variant on these lexical borrowings. All Anglicisms of our corpus appear in French after World War II in the area of armament and army. We will present a sample of 8 units which are recommended by the Journal Officiel de la République française (booby-trap, briefing, deterrent, fall-out, maintenance, offshore or off-shore, sniper and stick) and a sample of 5 units which are recommended by Grand dictionnaire terminologique (briefing, ICBM, incapacitant, MIRV, sniper). The briefing and sniper units will present two different forms recommended, the French and the Canadian. The presence of these Anglicisms shows the influence of the English language and Anglo-American culture on the French language, culture and society. Outlining the recommendations of the Journal Officiel de la République française and Grand dictionnaire terminologique we will show the intervention of France and Quebec in the fields of arms and military.

The purpose of this paper is to present, on the one hand, the contribution of the General Commission on Terminology and neology (Commission générale de terminologie et de néologie) as a means of correcting certain foreign terms, Anglicisms that entered the French language and the recommendations published in the Official Gazette of France (Journal Officiel de la République française). On the other hand, our goal is to present the contribution of the Grand dictionnaire terminologique of the Office québécois de la langue française which gives suggestions in several fields of activity and displays the recommended Canadian variant on these lexical borrowings. All Anglicisms of our corpus appear in French after World War II in the area of armament and army. We will present a sample of 8 units which are recommended by the Journal Officiel de la République française (booby-trap, briefing, deterrent, fall-out, maintenance, offshore or off-shore, sniper and stick) and a sample of 5 units which are recommended by Grand dictionnaire terminologique (briefing, ICBM, incapacitant, MIRV, sniper). The briefing and sniper units will present two different forms recommended, the French and the Canadian. The presence of these Anglicisms shows the influence of the English language and Anglo-American culture on the French language, culture and society. Outlining the recommendations of the Journal Officiel de la République française and Grand dictionnaire terminologique we will show the intervention of France and Quebec in the fields of arms and military.

This paper deals with the concepts of language planning and language standardization which are in direct relation with the concept language policy. In line with the said, the stands of several linguists about the a/s phenomena are presented as the subject of their studies and beneficial in giving an account of this issue. Language planning encompasses changes in the language, changes of the relations among languages as well as human acting upon the languages and their interrelations. Language standardization means design of or search for orthographic and grammar rules which are common for all the users of a language thus aiming at expansion of its use in as many areas of human life as possible. The standard language is a planned and designed unitary referential variant the purpose of which is to provide cultural, political, and social cohesion on the territory on which it is official. By elaborating these concepts, man's attempt to act upon the language and the effects are presented.

For a language to remain contemporary and vital, it has to be able express the modern world in all of its complexity and diversity. With the rapid technological development, every year thousands of new ideas and terms appear from every single areas of the human opus to which names should be assigned in order to be understood. In that way, the professionals from certain areas should be able to communicate in their own language, the translators should translate properly all of the specialized terms in the adequate field, and the speakers could, in a certain language, to acquire quickly and more efficiently the new concepts that are most often very complex. On the account of these basic linguistic directions, the French language also need to be enriched with new terms from all significant areas with which he can express the contemporarity appropriately. In fact, the enrichment of the French language is one of the characteristics of the contemporary language politics in France. The aim of this paper is, in short terms, to explain the modern administrative system for enrichment of the French language on the basis of legal acts (the Law from 4th august 1994 for the usage of the French language and the decree of 3rd July 1996 for the enrichment of the French language). The system for enrichment of the language represents a symbiosis of the work of the General commission for terminology and neologisms, the specialized ministry commissions for terminology and neology that are in a close relation with the Ministry of culture and Communications, i.e. the General commission for French language for the languages in France, the French academy, francophone partners and other similar institutions that give their contribution in the terminological enrichment of the French language.

For a language to remain contemporary and vital, it has to be able express the modern world in all of its complexity and diversity. With the rapid technological development, every year thousands of new ideas and terms appear from every single areas of the human opus to which names should be assigned in order to be understood. In that way, the professionals from certain areas should be able to communicate in their own language, the translators should translate properly all of the specialized terms in the adequate field, and the speakers could, in a certain language, to acquire quickly and more efficiently the new concepts that are most often very complex. On the account of these basic linguistic directions, the French language also need to be enriched with new terms from all significant areas with which he can express the contemporarity appropriately. In fact, the enrichment of the French language is one of the characteristics of the contemporary language politics in France. The aim of this paper is, in short terms, to explain the modern administrative system for enrichment of the French language on the basis of legal acts (the Law from 4th august 1994 for the usage of the French language and the decree of 3rd July 1996 for the enrichment of the French language). The system for enrichment of the language represents a symbiosis of the work of the General commission for terminology and neologisms, the specialized ministry commissions for terminology and neology that are in a close relation with the Ministry of culture and Communications, i.e. the General commission for French language for the languages in France, the French academy, francophone partners and other similar institutions that give their contribution in the terminological enrichment of the French language.

A variety of loads are placed upon an athlete in team sports (e.g., training, match, or competitions). However, the volume of the training load plays an important role in match success. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the differences in biomarker dynamics during the match and during training, and to evaluate if such training represents a good stimulus for an athlete to adapt to match stress. Ten male handball players (average age of 24.1 ± 3.17 years, body height of 1.88 ± 0.64 m, and body mass of 94.6 ± 9.6 kg) took part in this study. Their saliva cortisol, testosterone, and alpha-amylase were sampled during the match and training (sessions of 90 min duration, respectively). The results showed that cortisol had higher values after the match (0.65 µg/dL) than after training (0.32 µg/dL) (p = 0.05; ES = 0.39). Testosterone concentrations had a steeper increase during a match (65%) than after training (37%). Alpha-amylase levels did not differ significantly between the match and training (p = 0.77; ES = −0.06). Overall, the results showed that the environment of a match was more stressful for the athletes; therefore, a match provoked a stronger endocrine response in the studied markers. Therefore, we concluded that a match seemed to be a stronger trigger for all of the measured biomarker responses.